Rizal’s blood, Rizal’s brain

Saturnina Rizal de Hidalgo was the National Hero’s eldest sister. She was always “[Se]ñora Neneng” to Jose Rizal, addressed in the third person with a deference second only to his mother. I had always known that handwritten letters of Rizal preserved in the Ateneo de Manila University archives were donated long ago by the heirs…

Ambeth Ocampo
Ambeth Ocampo
Professor of History

I research, write, teach, and lecture on Philippine history, so that the future will stop reading like the past.

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